Sheep, Goats, Rich Men, and Beggars
(The following is an edited condensed transcript of a teaching from Bill's online class called "The Table". To sign up to hear the expanded teaching as well as join us live every Monday night, go to billvanderbush.com.)
This study is all about engaging with the Word—both the letter and the Spirit. Both are a mystery, and both contain elements that are easily misunderstood apart from a renewed mind.
When I say “the Word,” I’m talking about Jesus, the living Word, and the Bible, the written Word. The Bible reveals Jesus; it doesn’t confine Him. If you view Scripture through the lens of law, Jesus remains concealed behind religious barriers. The Scriptures are one giant question, to which Jesus is ultimately the answer.
Consider the story of Jesus on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13-35). Two disciples, disheartened by Jesus’ death, walk with Him without recognizing Him. Their sorrow blinds them, even though the resurrected Son of God is with them for seven miles. Jesus reveals Himself through the law and the prophets—the Old Covenant Scriptures. Intrigued, they invite Him to dinner, and only when He breaks bread do they recognize Him. Then, He vanishes, knowing how to make an exit. This shows the nature of engaging with the Word: we often seek formulas or codes—who’s in, who’s out, how to get to heaven—when the reality is far more dynamic.
When Jesus rose and ascended, and the Holy Spirit fell in Acts 2, God became closer than the disciples ever imagined—not just near enough to touch, but dwelling within us. This changes our identity and relationship with God, our Father. Preaching the resurrection isn’t about a future event but a present reality. Circumstances often distract us from this power, pushing our hope to a future time with no present responsibility. I recall a lady in my childhood church saying, “The devil’s attacking me, but pray I’ll hold out till the end.” My dad called that an obituary, not a testimony. We live a testimony life, declaring what Jesus has done and the hope He gives daily. The written Word points to the living Word, and His Spirit within us resonates this truth. What an incredible life!
Yet, difficult Scriptures can make us question God’s goodness. We revert to His holiness, saying, “He’s holy, so He can do what He wants,” letting that shape our perspective. But Jesus reveals God’s true nature. He tells scary stories but lives a grace-filled life. For example, He said, “If you deny me before men, I will deny you before my Father” (Matthew 10:33)—an absolute statement. Yet, Peter, who denied Jesus three times (Luke 22:54-62), was restored by Jesus on a beach (John 21:15-19), with no condemnation. Jesus’ actions seem to overturn His own words, showing that God can extend grace beyond what we expect.
Grace is unearned and belongs to those who don’t deserve it. Jesus, the author of grace, demonstrates God’s character through it. On the cross, He took everyone dead in sin with Him (2 Corinthians 5:14; Ephesians 2:1-5), making us alive by His love. This grace isn’t for us to exploit but to recognize as the heart of God’s nature.
Chris Gore recently shared a story about someone asking if he was “just another grace preacher.” I thought, if only every Christian were a grace preacher, proclaiming God’s love meeting us at our worst, raising us to heavenly places (Ephesians 2:6). Ephesians 2:8-9 says, “By grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God.” Both grace and faith are gifts from God. We live in Christ, who is grace itself (1 Corinthians 1:30).
Now, let’s explore a challenging passage: the parable of the sheep and the goats in Matthew 25:31-46. It begins, “When the Son of Man comes in His glory, and all His angels with Him, then He will sit on His glorious throne. All the nations will be gathered before Him, and He will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats” (Matthew 25:31-32). The sheep, on His right, are told, “Come, you blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world” (Matthew 25:34), because they fed the hungry, clothed the naked, and visited the sick and imprisoned. The goats, on His left, are told, “Depart from Me, accursed ones, into eternal fire, which has been prepared for the devil and his angels” (Matthew 25:41), for failing to do these acts.
Both groups are surprised, asking, “Lord, when did we see You?” (Matthew 25:37-39, 44). The sheep don’t know they’re sheep, and the goats don’t know they’re goats. This challenges the Western evangelical focus on knowing you’re saved. Early theologians like Clement of Alexandria (150–215) saw this as a call to Christ-like love, Origen (185–254) as a contrast between divine wisdom and earthly selfishness, and John Chrysostom (347–407) as a lesson in compassion. Augustine of Hippo (354–430) saw it as universal judgement and tied it to works distinguishing the saved, but earlier views saw the fire as purifying, not punitive.
The Greek word for “punishment” in Matthew 25:46, kolasis, means pruning or correction for improvement, not eternal torment. “Nations” (ethnos) refers to people groups divided by ethnicity or systems. Jesus isn’t condemning entire nations but systems rooted in selfishness, not love. Satan, the accuser (kategoros), thrives on categorization—dividing by race, gender, nationality, or social status. Jesus prayed for unity in John 17:21, reflecting the Trinity’s love, rooted in the last Adam (1 Corinthians 15:45).
This parable dismantles division, urging us to love the least. In America, 43,000 denominations reflect our tendency to divide. King David’s census (2 Samuel 24) brought judgment for prideful division. God’s heart, seen in Psalm 23:5, is to prepare a table for enemies to discover they’re brothers. Jesus modeled this on the cross, loving those who cursed Him (Luke 23:34).
We seek love, but deeper, we seek to be love. This parable shows no selfish system will last; only love endures. Titus 2:11says, “The grace of God, bringing salvation, has appeared to all men,” teaching us to live righteously. Jesus’ command to “love one another as I have loved you” (John 13:34) excludes no one, even the proud, whom God opposes (James 4:6).
Early Christian art on tombs often depicted Jesus carrying both lambs and goats, symbolizing an incredible hope. The parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-31) further illustrates this. Jesus targets the Pharisees, “who were lovers of money” (Luke 16:14), to confront their pride. The story begins, “There was a rich man who habitually dressed in purple and fine linen, joyously living in splendor every day. A poor man named Lazarus was laid at his gate, covered with sores and longing to be fed with crumbs which were falling from the rich man’s table. Besides, even the dogs were coming and licking his sores”(Luke 16:19-21). Both die: Lazarus is “carried away by the angels to Abraham’s bosom,” while the rich man, “in Hades, lifted up his eyes, being in torment” (Luke 16:22-23).
The rich man sees Lazarus with Abraham and begs, “Father Abraham, have mercy on me and send Lazarus so he may dip the tip of his finger in water and cool off my tongue, for I am in agony in this flame” (Luke 16:24). Abraham replies, “Child, remember that during your life you received good things, and likewise Lazarus bad things. Now he is being comforted here, and you are in agony. Besides, between you and us there is a great gulf fixed” (Luke 16:25-26). The rich man pleads for his brothers, but Abraham says, “They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them” (Luke 16:29). The rich man insists, “No, Father Abraham, if someone goes to them from the dead, they will repent,” but Abraham counters, “If they do not listen to Moses and the prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead” (Luke 16:30-31).
This parable isn’t a diatribe on the afterlife but a cultural jab at the Pharisees’ pride. Jesus uses Hades, a Greek mythological underworld, and Abraham’s bosom, a Jewish concept, to provoke. Jews didn’t believe in heaven or hell as modern Christians do; they revered Abraham as their savior figure. By placing a rich Jew in Hades for wealth alone and a poor, unclean man in Abraham’s bosom for poverty, Jesus flips their values. The rich man’s request for Lazarus to touch his tongue—despite Lazarus’ sores—would disgust the Pharisees, as would his depiction of Abraham as powerless and indifferent. Jesus crafts each detail to infuriate, exposing their reliance on heritage over God’s love.
The parable’s climax points to Jesus Himself: “They will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead” (Luke 16:31). This foreshadows His resurrection, which the Pharisees will reject. In John 11:47-52, their reaction proves this: “The chief priests and the Pharisees convened the council, saying, ‘What are we doing? This man is performing many signs’” (John 11:47). Caiaphas prophesies, “It is expedient for you that one man die for the people so that the whole nation will not perish” (John 11:50), unknowingly declaring Jesus’ purpose: “to gather together into one the children of God who are scattered abroad” (John 11:52).
This parable challenges ethnic and social divisions, showing that pride in status—whether wealth or heritage—blinds us to God’s grace. The rich man’s fate in Hades isn’t eternal but a mirror to reflect the Pharisees’ self-righteousness. Jesus, the cornerstone, becomes their stumbling block (1 Peter 2:6-8), dismantling their categorizations to reveal a God who loves beyond boundaries, calling us to do the same.
In John 11:47-52, Caiaphas unwittingly prophesies Jesus’ death for the nation and to gather all into one. Jesus breaks down divisions (Ephesians 2:14), making one new man (2 Corinthians 5:17). His blood revalues us, declaring, “You are mine.”